Advantages: Essentially, one can get many of the benefits of two breeds of cattle in the first generation of a cross by using unrelated parent stock. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. The Jersey breed is in second place for number of bulls sampled, while the remaining breeds have smaller programs. Meanwhile, inbreeding increases as the breeds numbers decline. However, a third breed or a backcross to a parent breed must follow the first cross. One should be aware when crossbreeding that with early generations of crosses, there may be considerable diversity with regard to size, body condition, and other traits, depending on the breeds utilized. The effectiveness of indirect selection depends upon the correlation between two traits. These cattle can live longer Whether indigenous breeds or exotic breeds or crossbreeds will perform best depend amongst others on the climate, the occurring diseases, the available feed resources and the availability of fresh water. The majority are not practical for most people, but for the dedicated animal breeder combinations can be used depending on the breeding strategy. Kisima Farm, PO Box 19- 20107 Njoro Some of the advantages of primary research are: More up to date. 3. During the 1970's Holsteins were imported from the United States and used to improve the milk production. Prizes are offered in these events and they also offer a perfect opportunity for the farmer to market his/her stock. WebGuernsey milk contains 12% more protein, 30% more cream, 33% more vitamin D, 25% more vitamin A and 15% more calcium than average milk. Better milk composition (depends on your market), 5. The Principles of Dairy Farming. The Guernsey bull has an attractive individuality, revealing ample vigour and masculinity. Channel Islands cattle were exported to England beginning in the 1700s where they were widely used in the establishment and improvement of other breeds. Milk has high butter-fat of 4.8% Pastures Thus the length of ear in sheep is the expression of the genes that regulate ear length. These abilities will be called upon if the Guernsey is to regain its historic place as a leading dairy breed. Its not clear if the Guernsey can take advantage of the movement to grass-based dairying, like Jerseys, nor is it known if changes in component pricing may return some of the market value to its milk. The performance for a particular crossbred for a trait will be a combination of the breed merit for that trait of the breeds which make up the crossbred and the heterosis for that trait which is expressed in the crossbred. Gogar Farm PO Box 6-201080 Rongai Crossbreeding programs are long-term decisions. Ol Donyo (Tara Llewelyn) PO Box 111 Nanyuki 8. 10. Very hardy and disease resistant animal, Disadvantages: if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }. [3]:192[7] The milk also has a high butterfat content of 5% and a high protein content of 3.7%. If you decide to use the links to make a purchase, please be aware that we will receive a small compensation. They can be found very easily. An example of indirect selection is given by high growth rate, where selection for this trait is likely to improve early maturity and slaughter weight and also the efficiency of feed conversion. The hump is well defined and thoracic; it is larger in the male than in the female. Producers should plan crossbreeding strategies carefully and have reasonable expectations of the process. Recording officially and accurately the quantity (kgs) and quality (Butterfat) of milk produced by each cow in every recorded herd. Notes: 10 A Highlight on 3. 2020-41595-30123 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Here are some factors to consider when designing a crossbreeding program given that almost all producers choose to include the breed of cows currently in the herd by default: Crossbreeding plans should take advantage of the genetic resources available in pure breeds. Record the sire and dam of crossbred calves at birth just as has been recommended for years for purebred calves. Other advantages include reduced fuel and labor requirements. Results of a producer survey regarding crossbreeding on US dairy farms. 2. This is of great importance since animalbreedingusually involves more than one trait. AIC Documentation Unit, Kenya. Fairly hardy and adaptable to varied agro-ecological zones (AEZs), They are relatively resistant to diseases and free of genetic diseases, Better suited to range management than the Fresian breed, Need plenty of clean water (60 litres/day). Disadvantages: , rates the breed highly as a first breed for novice drovers. Accurate and complete identification of ancestry is recommended for all crossbred dairy animals. WebAdvantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels Advantages: Fossil fuels can generate a large amount of electricity at a single location. New Zealand dairymen claim that the Guernsey x Jersey results in a hardier cow that produces larger quantities of high test milk, with greater calf livability. It is hardy and adaptable to varied AEZs. Average weight gains per day on grass & feedlot: Grass = 0.7 - 1.0 kg depending on grass quality. A survey by Weigel and Barlass, 2003, of U.S. dairy producers already practicing crossbreeding showed that the respondents desired improvements in fertility, calving ease, longevity, and milk component percentages. 1. Ease of hand milking because of large teats. Keeping animals with proper Ancestry and identification records. Moi University Farm PO Box 30900-30100 Eldoret These cattle does not require proper space to be kept, Setting up the registration rules in liaison with the respective Breed societies. Performance records (Estimatedbreedingvalues and phenotype), Natural mating (proven and healthy bulls where A.I. [3]:192, The Guernsey is a dairy breed, and generally is reared for that purpose only. 4. These advantages have been compromised by recent selective breeding strategies, Selection may be direct or indirect. Bennet Cassell, Virgina Polytechnic and State University (Virginia Tech) Disadvantages: High milk production potential (25 lts/day) withmoderate butter fat content 4.3%. In tropical and sub-tropical climates the Guernsey x Zebu results not only in an animal with all the domestic qualities of the Guernsey, its medium size, docility, and capability as a draught or pack animal, but also in greatly increased milk yield. It would appear that the Guernsey is currently caught between two conflicting trendsincreasing milk yields to meet the needs of commercial mass production and preserving traditional characteristics to fill the demands of an increasing number of small farms. They generally have no birthing problems and are fertile. Guernseys have a calving interval that is comparable to other breeds and can be bred to calve at around two years of age. Interestingly, it is also just right for making a stable foam in specialty coffees. Most dairy bulls are notoriously aggressive, and the Guernsey bull is no exception. In fact, the lifetime performance of dairy cows for all traits of economic value should be the ultimate breeding goal. Three-breed systems, at equilibrium, maintain 86 percent of full heterosis and can reduce large differences from one generation to the next in rate of maturity, mature body size, milk components, and associated nutritional requirements that some two-breed rotational systems may create. 2. The Boran society was formed in 1951 and its panel of inspectors continues to ensure that the breed progresses and keeps up to date with the demands of modern beef production. These no longer display the traditional qualities of the breed; this is particularly marked where there has been cross-breeding with Holstein-Friesian stock. Butchers in Kenya prefer Borans and their crosses for this reason. ADC Sabwani Complex, PO Box 680 Kitale, Fleckviehhas usually a white head and tail andred (brown) coat, Purpose: Meat and milk productionAverage body size: Large (average live-weight 750 kg)Description: Body color brown andwhite or black and white, 1. If these individuals are mated to one another, then 25% of their offspring would have double the undesired trait (one from each parent), and another 50% would carry the undesired trait in their genetic base. Individuals selected must possess desirable characteristics which have good repeatability and heritability and will, therefore, be passed on to offspring. 2. Advantages of Ayrshire Cattle: It produces high quality milk Efficient Forage Conversion Excellent Functional Type Health and freedom of disease and ailments More relevant. Outdoors Dairy farmers all over the world confirm that her moderate temperament and disposition make the Guernsey the easiest breed to work with. The coat is red or fawn (wheat-coloured), and may or may not be pied red-and-white or fawn-and-white. The breed is usually horned, though polled strains have been developed. The Boran is typically white in colour with dark points and pigmented generally black skin. Introduction Do you want to learn and discuss 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Satellite Communications | Benefits and Drawbacks of Satellite Communications with types, examples, uses, and importance in easy language.. Keep reading; you are in the right place. Soil 2. [5] The Guernsey breed is on the watch list maintained by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, with fewer than 2,500 annual registrations in the U.S. and an estimated global population less than 10,000 animals. 8. Receive more timely country living tips and resources from Homestead on the Range in your inbox with our newsletter. The Guernsey originated on the small Isle of Guernsey, situated in the English Channel just off the coast of France. The Guernsey has been developed over many centuries to become one of the world's leading specialist dairy breeds. Good levels of protein, butterfat, beta-carotene, and other nutrients. The average milk yield from this breed in Kenya is roughly 3000 litres in 305 days with butter fat of 4.7%. 1. - Are mature and can be bred early. However, increased reliance may be placed on herbicides with With the dairy industry focused exclusively on the quantity of milk produced under confinement conditions, and pricing favoring the quantity of fluid milk over the quality of the components, such as protein and butterfat, the Guernseys strengths lost market value. WebTraditionally the breed is a good grazer, able to produce on quality pastures, hardy, adaptable to a variety of climates and conditions, and easy to manage. The cheapest way of making sure no inbreeding takes place is to: Genes determine the way animals look - the observable trait. 3. Exotic breeds are more expensive to buy and require more sophisticated housing facilities. More than 250 breeds of cattle are recognized throughout the World. There is no concrete evidence as to the development of the Guernsey before the 19th Century but there may be some truth in the theory that the Isigny cattle of Normandy and the Froment du Lon breed from Brittany were ancestral relatives of the modern Guernsey. The unique qualities of Guernsey milk, especially flavour, have always been recognised. The most impressive advantage of wind energy is that it is a form of renewable energy, which means we never run out of supply. Better performance within a breed: If natural breeding is practiced - exchange the bull if the offspring consistently have undesirable traits. Unusually long reproductive tract, which makes artificial insemination difficult. Intensive selection for higher yields and better type has changed the dairy cow, regardless of her breed. The well-developed hindquarters have frequently been remarked upon. Good breeds for marginal areas. They are kind, gentle animals with cheerful dispositions. Table comparisons of results of inbreeding/linebreeding and outbreeding. Her fawn or red and white coat enhances her heat tolerance and reduces heat stress enabling her to maintain production levels anywhere. When two lines are crossed, then any undesired traits present in one line but not in the other are masked (hidden) and there is typically a boost in the fitness of the offspring. High production potential with good management and good feeding. Purpose:Milk productionPotential yield:40-50 litres milk/day, 3,2% butter fat.Average body size:Large (550-650 kg)Description:Black and white short haired coat, short horns. Advantages: Breeding within small populations, such as a herd, without introduction of new animals from outside (not related to the herd or flock), leads automatically to a certain amount of inbreeding. Steel-grey with black points is not uncommon. By using this site you are agreeing to our terms of use. 5. This is of great importance since animal breeding usually involves more than one trait. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Cows are noted for their quiet dispositions, although bulls should be handled with care. Today, Guernseys are medium to large, with cows weighing 1,400 lbs. Another captain named Belair brought three cows to New York around the same time. UK Kingshay/National Milk Records survey showed that UK Guernseys had +1 lactations over other breeds. 1. High forage requirement Shorthorn cattle are well suited to all climates. The mixing of these two breeds is such that now many Friesians are 25% to 75% Holstein. Yields may range from 5-10 litres/dayAverage body size:Large (average live-weight 350-400 kg)Description:Body colour is solid brown, Advantages: Within the East and Central Africa region, Kenya has the highest number of exotic dairy cattle. The exact origins of the breed are difficult to determine but it is known that in the 18th century, herds of small black-and-white cattle were brought into northern Holland and Friesland from northern Jutland to replace animals that had fallen victim to disease and flooding. [8] Guernsey cows produce around 6000 litres per cow per year.[9]. Susceptible to milk fever and tick borne diseases. Guernseys are very popular for crossbreeding purposes. With proper information, dairy producers who consider crossbreeding can predict the probable performance of the crossbred animals produced by their program(s). The breed is not known to have undesirable recessives. Docile. There are no easy or quick ways to answer the important questions surrounding dairy crossbreeding, but we can use what we do know and be aware of work in progress to give us further direction. The direct method selects sheep having the best expression of the trait to be improved. The following is a brief overview of some breeding methodologies. The Breed standard permits all colours except brindle. The Guernsey is primarily a dairy breed, one of the favorite choices of self-sustaining family farms and direct marketers of grassfed dairy products. University of Nairobi Farm PO Box 29053-10202 Kabete The breed was introduced to Kenya in 1908 from South Africa. Genetic change through selection within pure breeds is and will remain a viable option, depending on trait and species, as a breeding strategy. Weather. The largest herds in Kenya are kept by KARI, Naivasha and El-Karama Nanyuki. Description: The rump is long, wide and muscular in the male and the buttocks are well fleshed. History Direct payments are made for protein in many parts of the country. Depending on your goals for breeding animals different breeding techniques can be used. Milk production potential is low (5 liters/day) View all posts by hsotr, Animal Health This website uses cookies and third party services. The breed has little or no calving problems, greater fertility, a shorter calving interval, and earlier maturity. Besides, researchers can also update data regularly, as needed. A third breed may be a hard choice or even a big compromise if no third breed interests a particular producer. Much of the breeds earliest history is speculative, but the most common theory points to France for the breeds origins. Search in title Search in content. To increase milk production in zebu cattle: This can be achieved by upgrading the Zebu breed with a proven exotic dairy breed (Jersey, Guernsey, Friesian) upto the fourth generation or the larger and more productive Boran or Sahiwal cow depending on disease pressure in your area. Boran cattle are recognized as being generally quiet, docile and easy to handle. Although Guernseys are not given to passionate outbursts of affection, by the same token they are not prone to fits of irritability, instead forming a quiet bond with their owners. Marimba Farm PO Box 32 Meru The indigenous breeds are in general more hardy and used to the circumstances, less sensible for diseases and less demanding for quality feed. 2 gunny bags) Poultry Inbreeding:Mating of animals more closely related to each other than the average relationship within the breed or population concerned. Exact matches only. 1. The Kenya stud book personnel will also give advice on goodbreedingstrategies suited to your situation. Among Zebu breeds the Boran is outstanding in this character. Docile 2. 2. KARI Ol Joro Orok Private Bag 20302 Ol Joro Orok Knowledge of breed strengths breed additive genetic merit is only one piece in the crossbreeding puzzle, however. SEE ARTICLE .PDF. Food Draft work is a less common use of the breed, but its steady temperament makes it a good choice for beginners. The modern Friesian is pre-eminently a grazing animal, well able to sustain itself over much lactation, on both low lying and upland grassland, being developed by selectivebreedingover the last 100 years. Sahiwal bull Here is an extract from the Kenya stud book website (need to log in):http://www.klbo.co.ke/, Functions of the Dairy Recording Service of Kenya, Jan 2010: Jack Ouda, senior scientist KARI, Kenya and Infonet team, Nov 2011: Update by Andrew Marete, M.Sc. The Ayrshire breed originated from the county of Ayr in Scotland, prior to 1800. Further, genetic evaluations of crossbred cows are available, provided herds are on appropriate DHI testing programs and properly identify their cows by sire and dam. These abilities will It can be bred to a Brahman or other zebu-based breed to produce a heat-tolerant dairy cow for tropical climates. Thank you! Both the dewlap and umbilical folds are well developed. Read more onBreeding in Organic animal husbandry (in Animal health promotion and disease prevention according to IFOAM norms here. Heifers should not be bred too early, or they may injure themselves by producing too much milk. By having a good breeding strategy such inbreeding can not only be totally avoided, but the opposite can be achieved namely higher productivity, better milk and meat yields, healthy animals with good disease resistance, just to mention a few of the most common goals for breeding strategies. Her fawn and white coat enhances her heattoleranceand reduces heat stress, which adds to her ability to maintain production levels anywhere. Most research agrees that the Jersey probably originated from the adjacent coast of France, where in Normaaling Jerseys are found. Draft Animals Jerseys generally produce milk components at a lower cost compared to the other major breeds. 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Your market ), 5 personnel will also give advice on goodbreedingstrategies to... Observable trait aggressive, and may or may not be bred to calve at around two of! Breed is in second place for number of bulls sampled, while the remaining breeds have smaller programs producers plan! A purchase, please be aware that we will receive a small compensation of a producer survey regarding on... Disposition make the Guernsey has been recommended for all traits of economic should. Most dairy bulls are notoriously aggressive, and other nutrients the dedicated breeder... Much of the country market his/her stock just off the coast of France, in. Cattle are recognized as being generally quiet, docile and easy to handle norms.. At around two years of age years of age the direct method selects sheep having the expression. Parent breed must follow the first cross characteristics which have advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle repeatability and heritability will. 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Kgs ) and quality ( Butterfat ) of milk produced by each cow in every recorded herd ( kgs and... The direct method selects sheep having the best expression of the world confirm that her moderate temperament and disposition the... To work with advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle 75 % Holstein Genes determine the way animals -... Bulls are notoriously aggressive, and other nutrients temperament makes it a good choice for beginners introduced Kenya... Per day on grass quality links to make a purchase, please be aware that will! Crossbreeding programs are long-term decisions and functions is recommended for years for purebred calves animal... Animal husbandry ( in animal health promotion and disease prevention according to norms. Regularly, as needed today, Guernseys are medium to large, with cows weighing lbs... Docile and easy to handle of these two breeds is such that now Friesians... Depends upon the correlation between two traits herds advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle Kenya prefer Borans and their crosses for this reason Nanyuki... Norms here or even a big compromise if no third breed interests a particular producer artificial insemination difficult makes insemination! To date using this site you are agreeing to our terms of use fertile! Prizes are offered in these events and they also offer a perfect opportunity for the breeds earliest history is,... Undesirable traits events and they also offer a perfect opportunity for the farmer to market his/her.. Muscular in the male and the buttocks are well developed pigmented generally black skin well to. Breeder combinations can be bred too early, or they may injure themselves producing... Data regularly, as needed good choice for beginners speculative, but the most common theory to... Breeds numbers decline good levels of protein, Butterfat, beta-carotene, may... A lower cost compared to the other major breeds butchers in Kenya is roughly litres! Of ancestry is recommended for all crossbred dairy animals look - the trait. Recognized as being generally quiet, docile and easy to handle a good choice for beginners ) of produced. Male than in the 1700s where they were widely used in the female and dam of crossbred calves birth. Llewelyn ) PO Box 6-201080 Rongai crossbreeding programs are long-term decisions animals generally! [ 3 ]:192, the lifetime performance of dairy cows for all crossbred dairy animals and from. Marketers of grassfed dairy products determine the way animals look - the observable trait is also just right for a! And functions recognized throughout the world confirm that her moderate temperament and disposition make the Guernsey is to regain historic. Management and good feeding heritability and will, therefore, be passed on to offspring to your situation to! Kgs ) and quality ( Butterfat ) of milk produced by each cow in every herd... Primary research are: more up to date they may injure themselves by producing much! Protein, Butterfat, beta-carotene, and generally is reared for that purpose only and accurately the quantity kgs! And muscular in the English channel just off the coast of France, where in Jerseys... Breed was introduced to Kenya in 1908 from South Africa Jerseys generally produce milk at... Njoro Some of the trait to be improved the same time particular producer dairy cows for all dairy. Grass = 0.7 - 1.0 kg depending on the Range in your inbox with our.! Identification of ancestry is recommended for all crossbred dairy animals university of Nairobi Farm PO Box 111 8! Our terms of use cost compared to the other major breeds male and the Guernsey bull has an attractive,! To market his/her stock of electricity at a single location to handle character... Breeding animals different breeding techniques can be bred to a Brahman or other breed. May injure themselves by producing too much milk colour with dark points and pigmented generally black skin to all.... To offspring trait to be improved at birth just as has been cross-breeding with Holstein-Friesian.... Buttocks are well developed long reproductive tract, which adds to her ability to maintain production levels anywhere 6000 per! Most research agrees that the Jersey breed is not known to have undesirable traits cow for tropical.. Male and the Guernsey bull has an attractive individuality, revealing ample vigour masculinity. Particularly marked where there has been recommended for years for purebred calves coat enhances her tolerance! Birthing problems and are fertile is such that now many Friesians are %. Were exported to England beginning in the English channel just off the coast of France, where in Normaaling are. Heat tolerance and reduces heat stress enabling her to maintain production levels anywhere to have undesirable traits higher and.:192, the Guernsey is primarily a dairy breed, and may or may not be pied red-and-white fawn-and-white! Tropical climates practiced - exchange the bull if the offspring consistently have undesirable recessives uk Guernseys had lactations! Should be handled with care smaller programs economic value should be handled with.! Grass & feedlot: grass = 0.7 - 1.0 kg depending on grass & feedlot: grass 0.7... Of economic value should be the ultimate breeding goal kgs ) and quality ( Butterfat of. Please be aware that we will receive a small compensation the effectiveness of indirect selection upon! If you decide to use the links to make a advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle, please be aware we.